The story of Balaam is extensively referenced in the Bible. Most children have heard about the donkey talking to him, but do you know how important this story is to be referenced so often?
The first mention of Balaam is in Numbers 22:4-5, and you can read his full story in chapters 22-25, and 31.
"And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time. He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his people"
Pethor is best identified with a city on the river Euphrates. This makes him separate from the people of Israel, and while we know his Father's name, we do not know what people he is descended from, though he is mentioned to be of Mesopotamia in Deut 23:4 "Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia"
Balak asks Balaam to curse this people who have come up out of Egypt. Balaam is known by Balak to be able to curse or bless (vs 6) and the price of divination is sent (vs 7).
God forbids Balaam to go with them (vs 12), Balaam sends the princes away and that would seem to be the end.
Balak does not give up, and sends even greater princes, leading to God telling Balaam he can go, but warning him to speak only what he is told. (vs 20) Balaam saddles up and takes his two servants, and goes with them (vs 21)
Here is the story most children remember, though interestingly his two servants who went with him are rarely mentioned.
"And God's anger was kindled because he went: and the angel of the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him." (vs 22)
In verse 20 God had agreed he could go, yet now stands against him. Three times the ass veers away or falls to stop the encounter of the sword of the angel with Balaam. God opens the mouth of the donkey to speak about being so cruelly treated by Balaam, and then God says this to Balaam:
"And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I went out to withstand thee, because thy way is perverse before me:" (vs 32)
It seems that God is making it clear to Balaam that he is against this errand, even to allowing him to go and demonstrating in no uncertain terms, with an ass speaking, that this is not his will. The encounter ends with a repeat of the admonition of verse 22.
"And the angel of the LORD said unto Balaam, Go with the men: but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So Balaam went with the princes of Balak." (vs 35)
Balaam seems inclined to follow the command of God, he at first obeys the command not to go and then declares he can only follow the word of God as he is directed.
"And when Balak heard that Balaam was come, he went out to meet him unto a city of Moab, which is in the border of Arnon, which is in the utmost coast. And Balak said unto Balaam, Did I not earnestly send unto thee to call thee? wherefore camest thou not unto me? am I not able indeed to promote thee to honour? And Balaam said unto Balak, Lo, I am come unto thee: have I now any power at all to say any thing? the word that God putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak." (vs 36-38)
The story continues into chapter 23 with Balaam instructing the princes of Moab to build seven altars and make sacrifice upon them as he goes to seek the Lord God.
The result is glorious blessing upon the people of Israel; these blessings are compiled in the post on God's blessings through Balaam.
"And Balak said unto Balaam, Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all. But Balaam answered and said unto Balak, Told not I thee, saying, All that the LORD speaketh, that I must do?"
Balak was quite upset, but he tried again, let's get a different view angle, maybe we will get a different result. He didn't. Balak, a very persistent ruler, tried a second time, and a third time, the result again was the same.
Balak tells Balaam he would have made him great in the earth and Balaam prophesies greatness in Israel for a fourth time!
Num 24:13 "If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the LORD, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the LORD saith, that will I speak?"
This story is mentioned again in Deuteronomy:
Deut 23:3-6 "An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever: Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee. Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee. Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever.
It is read in Nehemiah's day:
Neh 13:1 On that day they read in the book of Moses in the audience of the people; and therein was found written, that the Ammonite and the Moabite should not come into the congregation of God for ever; Because they met not the children of Israel with bread and with water, but hired Balaam against them, that he should curse them: howbeit our God turned the curse into a blessing.
It is retold in Joshua
Josh 24:9 "Then Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, arose and warred against Israel, and sent and called Balaam the son of Beor to curse you: But I would not hearken unto Balaam; therefore he blessed you still: so I delivered you out of his hand."
Micah prophesies regarding this story as well:
Micah 6:5 "O my people, remember now what Balak king of Moab consulted, and what Balaam the son of Beor answered him from Shittim unto Gilgal; that ye may know the righteousness of the LORD."
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What follows in Numbers 25 is the sin of Israel with the Moabite and Midianite women, but Balaam is not mentioned here. We learn that Israel committed great sin, It is the incident of Baalpeor, or Peor.
Num 25:3 "And Israel joined himself unto Baalpeor: and the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel"
And again noted in Deuteronomy
Deut 4:2 Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you. 3 Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them from among you. 4 But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one of you this day.
We learn detail of what happened from Num 31. Moses last great task before being gathered unto his people is to avenge them upon the Midianites.
Num 31:8 And they slew the kings of Midian, beside the rest of them that were slain; namely, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five kings of Midian: Balaam also the son of Beor they slew with the sword.
This is retold in Josh 13:21-22 "And all the cities of the plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, which reigned in Heshbon, whom Moses smote with the princes of Midian, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, which were dukes of Sihon, dwelling in the country. Balaam also the son of Beor, the soothsayer, did the children of Israel slay with the sword among them that were slain by them.
Finally the final sin of Balaam is declared:
Num 31:15-16 "And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive? Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD."
Here is where we understand what Balaam had done, he counseled Moab and Midian how to curse Israel by causing them to sin. This is the story related in Num 25. It also seems that there was a confederation which included Moab, Ammon and Midian. Because of the greatness of their sin, they were to be cut off from the congregation of Israel. Balaam becomes a representative for loving the wages of unrighteousness and overthrowing others for gain:
2Pet 2:13-16 "And shall receive the reward of unrighteousness, as they that count it pleasure to riot in the day time. Spots they are and blemishes, sporting themselves with their own deceivings while they feast with you; Having eyes full of adultery, and that cannot cease from sin; beguiling unstable souls: an heart they have exercised with covetous practices; cursed children: Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness; But was rebuked for his iniquity: the dumb ass speaking with man's voice forbad the madness of the prophet."
Jude 1:11 Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core.
Ballam is listed with Cain and Core (Korah) as outstanding examples of corrupting oneself.
And lastly in the letters to the church in Revelation we find this:
Rev 2:14 But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication.
Men corrupting themselves, selling others into sin in order to get gain, in all of its various forms is condemned, using Balaam as an example.
So in conclusion we see two stories involving Balaam, though they are related to one another. First, he was hired to curse Israel, going greedily after the wages of unrighteousness, but could only bless in the end, and second, He taught Balak (Balac) how to curse Israel by getting them to sin. Learn the lesson of Balaam, and let not yourself be greedy for the wages of unrighteousness, nor be involved in causing others to sin.